Retirement by the Numbers offers a unique view of how participants save, invest and spend throughout their working lives and retirement, leveraging data from the Employee Benefit Research Institute, Retirement LinkSM and de-identified Chase households. This research is designed to help plan sponsors deepen their understanding of realistic participant behaviors and provides a practical lens to assess the type of target date portfolio design best positioned to stand up to the stresses of saving and spending.
Key findings, by the numbers:
By understanding the numbers driving retirement outcomes, we can all help increase the odds that participants are able to achieve the replacement income they need to retire securely, when and how they want.
1 Source: Employee Benefit Research Institute and J.P. Morgan Asset Management, 2025 analysis. 2021–2022 data.
2 Source: Percentage of people with 401(k) loans is based on Employee Benefit Research Institute (2021–2022 trends); percentage of people with credit card revolving debt is based on J.P. Morgan Asset Management data from 2016 to 2024 internal select credit card data from JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. and its affiliates (collectively “Chase”).
3 Source: Longitudinal Chase data (2016–2023), inflation adjusted. Chase data includes internal select data from JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. and its affiliates (collectively “Chase”) including select Chase check, cash, credit and debit card and electronic payment transactions from January 1, 2016 to December 31, 2023. Additional information on J.P. Morgan Asset Management’s data privacy standards is available at https://am.jpmorgan.com/us/en/asset-management/mod/insights/retirement-insights/gtr-privdisc/. J.P. Morgan Asset Management, 2025.
4 Source: Select de-identified data provided by JPMorgan Invest Holdings LLC as of august 2025. Data from 2021-2024.